PRESUMPTIVE TAX PAJAK PENGHASILAN FINAL 1 PERSEN: MEMUDAHKAN ATAU MEMBERATKAN UNIT MIKRO KECIL MENENGAH
Keywords:
income tax (VAT), SMEs, 1% final rate.
Abstract
The Government has issued Government Regulation No. 46 Year 2013 regarding Income Tax on Income from Business or Obtained Received Tax Payer. This government regulation set Income Tax (VAT), which shall be final on income received or accrued by the taxpayer with a gross turnover of certain restrictions. Consideration of the Government for the imposition of income tax at the rate of 1% of the circulation of business every month and final of MSMEs as stated in the explanation of the general PP 46 in 2013 is simplicity in tax collection, reduced administrative burden for both the taxpayer and the Directorate General of Taxation, and with regard to economic development and monetary. Imposition of final income tax means that after payment of income tax of 1% calculated on the gross income each month, the tax liability on such income has been considered complete and final. Judging from the concept of fairness in taxation (equity principle), the imposition of final income is not in accordance with justice because it does not reflect the ability to pay. This study aimed to determine the perception of MSMEs in West Lombok district Banyumulek related to the final income tax. The results showed that the imposition of final income tax rate of 1% of gross income tax authorities which are intended to facilitate the taxpayers in calculating the tax to be paid has not been fully accepted by the taxpayer SMEs Sentra pottery industry in Banyumulek. For them, the imposition of final income tax rate of 1% of gross turnover is only prioritize on the ease of taxpayers to calculate the tax payable, regardless of the side of fairness for taxpayers, since each taxpayer has a different number of dependents.
Keywords: income tax (VAT), SMEs, 1% final rate.
References
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DeAngelo, H. and Masulis, R.W. 1980, “Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 3-29.
Desai, M. 2002, “The divergence between book and tax income”, Tax Policy and the Economy, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 169-206.
DeFond, M.L. and Jiambalvo, J. 1994, “Debt covenant violation and manipulation of accruals”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 17 Nos 1-2, pp. 145-176
Dhaliwal, D., Trezevant, R. and Wang, S. 1992, “Taxes, investment-related tax shields and capital structure”, Journal of American Taxation Association, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 1-21.
Diamond, D. W. 1991, “Debt maturity structure and liquidity risk”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106 No. 3, pp. 709-738.
Duke, J.C. and Hunt, H.G. 1990, “An empirical examination of debt covenant restrictions and accounting-related debt proxies”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 12 Nos 1-3, pp. 125-139.
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Flannery, M.J. 1986, “Asymmetric information and risky debt maturity choice”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 19-37.
Frank, M., Lynch, L. and Rego, S. 2009, “Tax reporting aggressiveness and its relation to aggressive financial reporting”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 84 No. 2, pp. 467-496.
Frank, M. Z. and Goyal, V. K. 2003, “Testing the pecking order theory of capital structure”. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 67 No. 2, pp. 217-248.
Frankel, R., Johnson, M. and Nelson, K. 2002, “The relation between auditors’ fees for non-audit services and earnings management”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 77, Supplement, pp. 71-105.
Fung, Y.K.S. and Goodwin, J. 2013, “Short-term debt maturity, monitoring and accruals-based earnings management”, Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 67-82.
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Guenther, D., Maydew, E. and Nutter, S. 1997, “Financial reporting, tax costs, and book-tax conformity”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 225-248.
Gupta, M., Khurana, I. and Pereira, R. 2008, “Legal enforcement, short maturity debt, and the incentive to manage earnings”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 51 No. 4, pp. 619-639.
Hanlon, M. 2005, “The persistence and pricing of earnings, accruals, and cash flows when firms have large book-tax differences”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 80 No. 1, pp. 137-166.
Harwood, E. and Manzon, G. 2002, “Tax clientele and debt maturity”, Journal of the American Taxation Association, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 22-39.
Hunt, A., Moyer, S. and Shevlin, T. 1996. “Managing interacting accounting measures to meet multiple objectives: a study of LIFO firms”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 339-374.
Jenkins, N. and Pincus, M. 1998, “LIFO versus FIFO: updating what we have learned”, working paper, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, September.
Jensen, Michael C., dan Wiliam H. Meckling. 1976. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Cost and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol 3, No. 4, pp. 305-360.
Jeon, K.A. 1997, “Corporate tax burden and firm characteristics”, Korean Accounting Review, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 23-60.
Johnson, S.A. 2003, “Debt maturity and the effects of growth opportunities and liquidity risk on leverage”, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 209-236.
Johnson, W.B. and Dhaliwal, D.S. 1988, “LIFO abandonment”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 236-272.
Ko, J.K., Choi, E.H. and Kim, W.Y. 2012, “The relation between aggressive financial reporting and aggressive tax reporting: Korean evidence”, Korean Accounting Journal, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 95-130.
Koh, Yunsung and Lee Hyun-Ah. 2015. The effect of Financial factors on firms’ financial and tax reporting decisions. Asian Review of Accounting. Vol 23 No. 2. Pp 110 - 138
Koh, Y.S. 2007, “A study on corporate tax avoidance”, PhD dissertation, Yonsei University, Seoul.
Lamont, O. 1997, “Cash flow and investment: evidence from internal capital markets”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 52 No. 1, pp. 83-110.
Lennox, C., Lisowsky, P. and Pittmen, J. 2013, “Tax aggressiveness and accounting fraud”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 51 No. 4, pp. 739-778.
MacKie-Mason, J. 1990, “Do taxes affect corporate financing decisions?”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 45 No. 5, pp. 1471-1493.
Manzon, G. and Plesko, G. 2002, “The relation between financial and tax reporting measures of income”, Tax Law Review, Vol. 55 No. 2, pp. 175-214.
Mills, L., Newberry, K. and Trautman, W.B. 2002, “Trends in book-tax income and balance sheet differences”, Tax Notes, Vol. 96 No. 19, pp. 1109-1124.
Newberry, K.J. and Novack, G.F. 1999, “The effect of taxes on corporate debt maturity decisions: an analysis of public and private bond offerings”, Journal of the American Taxation Association, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 1-16.
Scholes, M.S. and Wolfson, M.A. 1992, Taxes and Business Strategy: A Planning Approach, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Shackelford, D. and Shevlin, T. 2001, “Empirical tax research in accounting”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 31 Nos 1-3, pp. 321-387.
Shin, H. and Stulz, R. 1998, “Are internal capital markets efficient”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 113 No. 2, pp. 531-552.
Shyam-Sunder, L. and Myers, S.C. 1999, “Testing static tradeoff against pecking order models of capital structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 219-244
Sugiyono. 2015.Statistika Untuk Penelitian. Bandung: CV Alfabeta.
Sweeney, A. 1994, “Debt covenant violations and managers’ accounting responses”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 281-308.
Wang, D. 2006, “Founding family ownership and earnings quality”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 619-656.
Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. 1986, Positive Accounting Theory, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. 1990, “Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 65 No. 1, pp. 131-156.
www.bapepam.go.id
www.Idx.co.id
www.sahamok.com
Atwood, T., Drake, M., Myers, J. and Myers, L. 2012, “Home country tax system characteristics and corporate tax avoidance: international evidence”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 87 No. 6, pp. 1831-1860.
Baker, M. and Wurgler, J. 2002, “Market timing and capital structure”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 57 No. 1, pp. 1-32.
Becker, C., DeFond, M., Jiambalvo, J. and Subramanyam, K. 1998, “The effect of audit quality on earnings management”, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 4-24.
Beneish, M. 2001, “Earnings management: a perspective”, Managerial Finance, Vol. 27 No. 12, pp. 3-17.
Chen, L. and Zhao, X. 2000, “On the relation between the market-to-book ratio, growth opportunity, and leverage ratio”, Financial Research Letters, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 253-266.
Collins, J. and Shackelford, D. 1992, “Foreign tax credit limitations and preferred stock issuances”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 30, pp. 103-124.
DeAngelo, H. and Masulis, R.W. 1980, “Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 3-29.
Desai, M. 2002, “The divergence between book and tax income”, Tax Policy and the Economy, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 169-206.
DeFond, M.L. and Jiambalvo, J. 1994, “Debt covenant violation and manipulation of accruals”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 17 Nos 1-2, pp. 145-176
Dhaliwal, D., Trezevant, R. and Wang, S. 1992, “Taxes, investment-related tax shields and capital structure”, Journal of American Taxation Association, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 1-21.
Diamond, D. W. 1991, “Debt maturity structure and liquidity risk”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106 No. 3, pp. 709-738.
Duke, J.C. and Hunt, H.G. 1990, “An empirical examination of debt covenant restrictions and accounting-related debt proxies”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 12 Nos 1-3, pp. 125-139.
Dyreng, Scott D.; Hanlon, Michelle; Maydew, Edward L. 2010. The Effects Of Executives On Corporate Tax Avoidance. Accounting Review. Jul, Vol. 85 Issue 4, P1163-1189.
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. 1989. Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, Jan 1989, pp. 57-74.
Erickson, M., Hanlon, M. and Maydew, E. 2004, “How much will firms pay for earnings that do not exist?: Evidence of taxes paid on allegedly fraudulent earnings”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 79 No. 2, pp. 387-408.
Flannery, M.J. 1986, “Asymmetric information and risky debt maturity choice”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 19-37.
Frank, M., Lynch, L. and Rego, S. 2009, “Tax reporting aggressiveness and its relation to aggressive financial reporting”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 84 No. 2, pp. 467-496.
Frank, M. Z. and Goyal, V. K. 2003, “Testing the pecking order theory of capital structure”. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 67 No. 2, pp. 217-248.
Frankel, R., Johnson, M. and Nelson, K. 2002, “The relation between auditors’ fees for non-audit services and earnings management”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 77, Supplement, pp. 71-105.
Fung, Y.K.S. and Goodwin, J. 2013, “Short-term debt maturity, monitoring and accruals-based earnings management”, Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 67-82.
Garson, G. David. 2009. Testing Statistical Assumptions. http://www.statisticalassociates.com/assumptions.pdf
Ghozali, Imam. 2005. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS. Edisi Kedua. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Graham, J.R. 1996, “Debt and the marginal tax rate”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 41-73.
Graham, J.R. and Tucker, A. 2006, “Tax shelters and corporate debt policy”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 81 No. 3, pp. 563-594.
Guenther, D., Maydew, E. and Nutter, S. 1997, “Financial reporting, tax costs, and book-tax conformity”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 225-248.
Gupta, M., Khurana, I. and Pereira, R. 2008, “Legal enforcement, short maturity debt, and the incentive to manage earnings”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 51 No. 4, pp. 619-639.
Hanlon, M. 2005, “The persistence and pricing of earnings, accruals, and cash flows when firms have large book-tax differences”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 80 No. 1, pp. 137-166.
Harwood, E. and Manzon, G. 2002, “Tax clientele and debt maturity”, Journal of the American Taxation Association, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 22-39.
Hunt, A., Moyer, S. and Shevlin, T. 1996. “Managing interacting accounting measures to meet multiple objectives: a study of LIFO firms”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 339-374.
Jenkins, N. and Pincus, M. 1998, “LIFO versus FIFO: updating what we have learned”, working paper, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, September.
Jensen, Michael C., dan Wiliam H. Meckling. 1976. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Cost and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol 3, No. 4, pp. 305-360.
Jeon, K.A. 1997, “Corporate tax burden and firm characteristics”, Korean Accounting Review, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 23-60.
Johnson, S.A. 2003, “Debt maturity and the effects of growth opportunities and liquidity risk on leverage”, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 209-236.
Johnson, W.B. and Dhaliwal, D.S. 1988, “LIFO abandonment”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 236-272.
Ko, J.K., Choi, E.H. and Kim, W.Y. 2012, “The relation between aggressive financial reporting and aggressive tax reporting: Korean evidence”, Korean Accounting Journal, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 95-130.
Koh, Yunsung and Lee Hyun-Ah. 2015. The effect of Financial factors on firms’ financial and tax reporting decisions. Asian Review of Accounting. Vol 23 No. 2. Pp 110 - 138
Koh, Y.S. 2007, “A study on corporate tax avoidance”, PhD dissertation, Yonsei University, Seoul.
Lamont, O. 1997, “Cash flow and investment: evidence from internal capital markets”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 52 No. 1, pp. 83-110.
Lennox, C., Lisowsky, P. and Pittmen, J. 2013, “Tax aggressiveness and accounting fraud”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 51 No. 4, pp. 739-778.
MacKie-Mason, J. 1990, “Do taxes affect corporate financing decisions?”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 45 No. 5, pp. 1471-1493.
Manzon, G. and Plesko, G. 2002, “The relation between financial and tax reporting measures of income”, Tax Law Review, Vol. 55 No. 2, pp. 175-214.
Mills, L., Newberry, K. and Trautman, W.B. 2002, “Trends in book-tax income and balance sheet differences”, Tax Notes, Vol. 96 No. 19, pp. 1109-1124.
Newberry, K.J. and Novack, G.F. 1999, “The effect of taxes on corporate debt maturity decisions: an analysis of public and private bond offerings”, Journal of the American Taxation Association, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 1-16.
Scholes, M.S. and Wolfson, M.A. 1992, Taxes and Business Strategy: A Planning Approach, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Shackelford, D. and Shevlin, T. 2001, “Empirical tax research in accounting”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 31 Nos 1-3, pp. 321-387.
Shin, H. and Stulz, R. 1998, “Are internal capital markets efficient”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 113 No. 2, pp. 531-552.
Shyam-Sunder, L. and Myers, S.C. 1999, “Testing static tradeoff against pecking order models of capital structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 219-244
Sugiyono. 2015.Statistika Untuk Penelitian. Bandung: CV Alfabeta.
Sweeney, A. 1994, “Debt covenant violations and managers’ accounting responses”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 281-308.
Wang, D. 2006, “Founding family ownership and earnings quality”, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 619-656.
Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. 1986, Positive Accounting Theory, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. 1990, “Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 65 No. 1, pp. 131-156.
www.bapepam.go.id
www.Idx.co.id
www.sahamok.com
Published
2017-08-09
How to Cite
Ramadhani, R. S., Hilendri L, B. A., & Jumaidi, L. T. (2017). PRESUMPTIVE TAX PAJAK PENGHASILAN FINAL 1 PERSEN: MEMUDAHKAN ATAU MEMBERATKAN UNIT MIKRO KECIL MENENGAH. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Aksioma, 15(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.29303/aksioma.v15i2.8
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